Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe, landmines affect not only local populations but also their precious wildlife. Thanks to an initial start-up grant from the US State Department’s Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement (WRA), APOPO is clearing landmines along the minefield that affects the Sengwe Wildlife Corridor. APOPO’s goal is to clear the assigned area by Zimbabwe’s 2025 landmine-free deadline, releasing local populations and endangered wildlife from the threat of landmines and opening up eco-tourism opportunities.

Background

Zimbabwe inherited over a million landmines, laid by Rhodesian security forces during the Liberation War. These minefields originally covered over 700 kilometers along the Zambian and Mozambican borders to prevent enemy movement in and out of the country. Efforts to clear these mines began in 1980, yet today vast tracts of land remain contaminated along Zimbabwe’s borders. The minefields are mainly made up of dense belts alongside communal lands, where fencing and warning signs are insufficient or nonexistent with devastating consequences for people, livestock, and wildlife. Zimbabwe’s Cordon Sanitaire or CORSAN minefield, where APOPO is tasked, is one of the densest and most active minefields in the world with up to 5,500 landmines laid per kilometer. The tragic accidents that inevitably occur devastate already fragile communities. In addition, communities on both sides of the border minefield are unable to access basic necessities such as sufficient farming and cattle grazing land as well as paths and routes to reasonably maintain family ties and conduct livelihood activities, all of which contribute to a perpetual cycle of poverty.

Landmines and Wildlife

APOPO’s area of responsibility falls within a narrow strip of land known as the Sengwe Wildlife Corridor. The Sengwe Wildlife Corridor is a specifically designated area aimed at allowing free movement of wildlife between South Africa’s Kruger National Park and Zimbabwe’s Gonarezhou National Park. The deadly landmines affect the wildlife who call the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) home, which stands as one of the world’s largest conservation areas, spanning South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. The landmines have remained in place for four decades and cause a serious threat to threatened wildlife such as elephants, lions, and wild dog as well as local communities who desperately need the land for grazing and agriculture. Landmines and wildlife do not mix. Animals cannot read ‘danger’ signposts and unknowingly surrounded by landmines; accidents inevitably occur. For elephants, buffaloes and lions, this means the loss of a limb followed by a slow, painful death. Smaller animals die instantly. The minefield APOPO is tasked runs for 37 kilometers with an expected width of about 75 meters and thousands of deadly R2M2 anti-personnel landmines per kilometer.

If not resolved soon, this huge lethal barrier could have a long-term impact on the gene pool of species such as the African elephant. Gonarezhou National Park boasts a population of over 11,000 African elephants, one of the largest in Africa. Kruger National Park also has a similar sized population. Given the general continental decline of the African elephant, it is paramount for the long-term wellbeing of the species that these two healthy populations have safe access to each other to mix genepools. While there is evidence that some elephants from Kruger National Park have made it to Gonarezhou National Park, the majority of elephants have learned to stay away from the barrier by changing natural migratory routes. As a structural barrier, the landmines scare away safari and conservation-focused ecotourism operators. Kruger National Park receives a massive influx of tourists (over 1,800,000 a year), which could potentially travel up the Sengwe Corridor and into Gonarezhou National Park without requiring a visa or leaving the conservation area. Currently Gonarezhou National Park receives virtually no international tourists. If even a small fraction of the Kruger National Park tourists made it to Gonarezhou National Park, the positive economic implications for Zimbabwe would be significant.

Plans

Thanks to the generosity of the U.S. Government, through the Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement, U.S. Department of State, APOPO began clearing the minefield that affects the Sengwe Wildlife Corridor in the fall of 2020. We estimate we will find and destroy about 15,300 anti-personnel mines over the performance period. The total task is around 7.23 million m² and we believe that it should be able to complete the task by 2025 with consistent donor support. Throughout the project period, APOPO will liase closely with local village and government leaderships, as well as the Gonarezhou Conservation Trust, which is responsible for development of conservation efforts and ecotourism in the park. The coordination will ensure APOPO’s demining efforts are aligned with both conservation and development priorities of the region.